Radio Group Example Using aria-activedescendant

Read This First

The code in this example is not intended for production environments. Before using it for any purpose, read this to understand why.

This is an illustrative example of one way of using ARIA that conforms with the ARIA specification.

There may be support gaps in some browser and assistive technology combinations, especially for mobile/touch devices. Testing code based on this example with assistive technologies is essential before considering use in production systems.
The ARIA and Assistive Technologies Project is developing measurements of assistive technology support for APG examples.
Robust accessibility can be further optimized by choosing implementation patterns that maximize use of semantic HTML and heeding the warning that No ARIA is better than Bad ARIA.

About This Example

This example implements the features of the Radio Group Pattern for two radio groups -- one for choosing a pizza crust and another for choosing a delivery method. This implementation uses aria-activedescendant for informing assistive technologies which radio button has visual focus.

Similar examples include:

Radio Group Example Using Roving tabindex: A radio button group that uses roving tabindex for managing keyboard focus.
Rating Radio Group Example: Radio group that provides input for a five-star rating scale.

Example

Pizza Crust

Regular crust
Deep dish
Thin crust

Pizza Delivery

Pick up
Home Delivery
Dine in Restaurant

Accessibility Features

The radio button referenced by aria-activedescendant is scrolled into view when it is not visible in the graphical rendering. This can occur under many conditions, but is most common when people with visual impairments use a browser's zoom feature to increase the size of content.
Uses CSS attribute selectors for synchronizing aria-checked state with the visual state indicator.
Uses CSS :hover and :focus pseudo-classes for styling visual keyboard focus and hover.
- The focus indicator encompasses both the radio button and label, making it easier to perceive which option is being chosen.
- Hover changes background of both the radio button and label, making it easier to perceive that clicking either the label or button will activate the radio button.
- The cursor is changed to a pointer when hovering over the radio button to help people with visual impairments identify it as an interactive element.
Because transparent borders are visible on some systems with high contrast enabled, only the focused element has a visible border. When focusable elements are not focused, they have a 0-width border and additional padding equal in width to the border that is used to indicate focus.
To ensure the inline SVG radio button graphics in the CSS file have sufficient contrast with the background when high contrast settings change the color of text content, CSS forced-color-adjust is set to auto on the svg graphics. This causes the colors of the stroke and fill of the circle elements to be overridden by the high contrast color setting. To make the background of the circle elements match the high contrast background color, the fill-opacity attribute of the outer circle is set to zero and the stroke-opacity attribute of the inner circle is set to zero. If forced-color-adjust were not used to override the colors specified for the stroke and fill properties, those colors would remain the same in high contrast mode, which could lead to insufficient contrast between the radio circle elements and the background or even make them invisible if their color matched the high contrast mode background.
Note: The explicit setting of forced-color-adjust is necessary because some browsers do not use auto as the default value for SVG graphics.

Keyboard Support

NOTE: When visual focus is on a radio button in the radio group, DOM focus remains on the radio group container and the value of aria-activedescendant on the radio group refers to the radio button that is visually indicated as focused. Where the following descriptions of keyboard commands mention focus, they are referring to the visual focus indicator, not DOM focus. For more information about this focus management technique, see Managing Focus in Composites Using aria-activedescendant.

Key	Function
`Tab`	Moves focus to the checked `radio` button in the `radiogroup`. If a `radio` button is not checked, focus moves to the first `radio` button in the group.
`Space`	If the `radio` button with focus is not checked, changes the state to `checked`. Otherwise, does nothing. Note: The state where a radio is not checked only occurs on page load.
`Down arrow` `Right arrow`	Moves focus to and checks the next `radio` button in the group. If focus is on the last `radio` button, moves focus to the first `radio` button. The state of the previously checked radio button is changed to unchecked.
`Up arrow` `Left arrow`	Moves focus to and checks the previous `radio` button in the group. If focus is on the first `radio` button, moves focus to and checks the last `radio` button. The state of the previously checked radio button is changed to unchecked.

Role, Property, State, and Tabindex Attributes

Role	Attributes	Element	Usage
`radiogroup`		`ul`	Identifies the element as a container for a group of `radio` buttons.
	`aria-labelledby="[IDREF]"`	`ul`	Refers to the element that contains the label of the radio group.
	`tabindex="0"`	`ul`	Includes the radio group in the page `Tab` sequence. Applied to the radio group because `aria--activedescendant` is used to manage focus as described below.
	`aria-activedescendant="[IDREF]"`	`ul`	When a radio button in the radio group is visually indicated as having keyboard focus, refers to that radio button. When arrow keys are pressed, the JavaScript changes the value. Enables assistive technologies to know which element the application regards as focused while DOM focus remains on the radio group element. For more information about this focus management technique, see Managing Focus in Composites Using aria-activedescendant.
`radio`		`li`	Identifies the element as an ARIA `radio` button. The accessible name is computed from the child text content of the element.
	`aria-checked="false"`	`li`	Identifies `radio` buttons which are not checked. CSS attribute selectors (e.g. `[aria-checked="false"]`) are used to synchronize the visual states with the value of the `aria-checked` attribute. The CSS `::before` pseudo-element is used to indicate visual state of unchecked radio buttons to support high contrast settings in operating systems and browsers.
	`aria-checked="true"`	`li`	Identifies the `radio` button which is checked. CSS attribute selectors (e.g. `[aria-checked="true"]`) are used to synchronize the visual states with the value of the `aria-checked` attribute. The CSS `::before` pseudo-element is used to indicate visual state of checked radio buttons to support high contrast settings in operating systems and browsers.

JavaScript and CSS Source Code

CSS: radio.css
Javascript: radio-activedescendant.js